Tourist Guide to Turkey

Introduction 

It's a rare and special state does not recur. State of contemporary secular-Islamic arose on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, which featured on the throne of the Arab and Islamic region for more than 400 years, and
reached its borders until the center of Europe. Turkish Republic today is a big country (in size and number) and living a dual identity: the identity of Islamic and Oriental Western secular identity, and this gives it a cultural and societal dimensions and civilized not enjoyed by any other country in Asia or Europe. 

Picturesque and charming nature and almost devoid of any county in which the elements and tourist attractions. Very diverse terrain begins the plain that extends over the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea to the north and the Anatolian Plateau at the center and in the east of the mountain stretching toward Russia and Iraq. State mired in the details and differences, despite the fact that a lot of history, language and culture is still a strong cultural links Samga where people are drinking and having eaten and clothed. 

It shed light on the dream; dream of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, and achieved a rise of the Republic of Turkey to defeat the First World War and the state leads to a new system based on the same capabilities and affiliation, without reliance on the distant past. 

Turkey is a country full of exciting and entertaining sea and road and mountain. It's a summer place enormous that one can choose its activities according to his tastes and inclinations, from big cities and what the lives of noisy, to the smallest villages and the farthest in the center of the charming nature. 

Per vacationer tourists and Turkey of its own, do you know any construct on Turkey?

Tourist Guide to Turkey

Building political 

Nature of the system: the Republic. 

The nature of the ruling and title: head of state and a prime minister. 

Name the capital Ankara. 

Geography 

Area: 783.562 square kilometers (302.535 square miles). 

Population: 79749461 inhabitants (2011 estimate). 

Geographical features and landmarks: linking Turkey between the Asian and European continents, spanning a large area (97%) in the Asian continent, while Turkey's European form an area of ​​3% of the entire state. In Turkey Amadiqan Maúaan separating between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, two Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. 

Turkey is rectangular in shape with a length of 1,600 kilometers and 800 kilometers displayed and surrounded by the sea on three sides: the Aegean Sea (west) and the Black Sea (north) and the Mediterranean (south), and there is the Sea of ​​Marmara (northwest). 

Formed a diverse landscape in Turkey across the floor of many movements occurred in the region over thousands of years, which is somewhat active earthquakes and volcanoes.

Internal partition, and places milestone: Turkey consists of 81 administrative province, where each province is composed of areas totaling 923 total boycott. The provinces are usually called on the name of its capital. In terms of the central cities at the level of population Valtksama are as follows: Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5 million), Izmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million). 

Longitude and latitude: latitude 35 degrees and 43 degrees north, longitude 25 degrees and 45 degrees east longitude. 

Community 

Nationalities: What distinguishes the Turkish state that they see in every person is linked to a relationship of citizenship with the state "Turkey", and therefore there are no statistics internal minutes about the ethnic composition of the Dhol, while statistics indicate that foreign and international that the majority of the population are of Turkish race, Na constitutes almost 70. 75%. 

The Kurds are the largest race of non-Turkish race and live mainly in the southeastern provinces, and the number is estimated at approximately 20% of the population. There are other ethnic minorities are recognized, namely: Armenians, Greeks and Jews, and small groups of Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosnians, Circassians, Georgians and «Alhamhinyin», and «Laz», and Pomak and Roma, and minorities of Western Europe. 

Turkey and live outside large communities of Turkey is estimated in the millions in Europe, America, Canada and Australia, where the form of the Turkish community in Germany, for example, the largest foreign community there. 

Demographics: Religion: Turkey is a secular state constitution grants freedom of belief and religion, despite the fact that the majority of Muslim population, where they make up about 97-99% of the population. The equivalent proportion of them Sunni (85-90%), while the Shiites and Alawites understanding (10-15%). 

Official Language: Turkish is the sole official language in Turkey. 

Other languages​​: Some statistics indicate that approximately 70-75% of the population speak it, speak the Kurdish language as approximately 18%. There are also other languages ​​such as Arabic, Bosnian, Circassian and Kurdish. 

Official Religion: No official religion of the Turkish state. 

Other religions: Christians, the proportion of 0.6% -0.9% (largest Orthodox denominations), Jews represent approximately 0.04% and other small communities such as the Yazidis and Sabean Mandaean and Manichaean. 

history

Old Date: Island Anatolia of the oldest inhabited areas in the world, where there are residential life began in the Neolithic period, and it appeared the famous Trojan. Since then, successive this place peoples and tribes, such as the European Hittites from India who founded the first major empire in the region during the eighteenth century BC. And until the thirteenth century, then the Assyrians who settled in some parts of southeast Turkey in 1950 BC. Until then rule 612 Elvirjeon Asia Minor and followed by the rise of Lydia in the seventh century BC. It was founded on historically central cities and colonies such as Ephesus and Byzantium (Constantinople, which became Istanbul). Then founded Armenia, the first state established in Anatolia, and then came the Persian invasion during the fifth and sixth centuries and then Alexander the Great in 334 BC .. then Tksmt Anatolia for a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, which in turn surrendered to the Republic of Romania in the mid-first century BC. .. in 324 the Roman Emperor Constantine called the name of the new Rome on the city of Byzantium to become the new capital of the empire of Romania, Constantinople became the center of Eastern Christianity and cultural centers globally. 

After the fall of the Western Empire, Romania, Turkey became the capital of the Eastern Empire Romania where most of the complexity of the Ecumenical Councils. Then succeeded to occupy the mid-Anatolian Seljuks and the establishment of a Muslim kingdom where, as the Byzantines managed to recover from the Taurus during the tenth century and occupied Antioch and Aleppo. During the Crusades, founded the Kingdom of Konya in southern Turkey, in addition to the current Principality of Antioch, has tended toward the Fourth Crusade Constantinople itself and occupied in 1261 is that the state did not last long. 

He was inside Turkey Current (Anatolia) is divided into states and provinces, a small Islamist rival throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, even emerged Osman first warrior Byzantines and occupied cities and fortresses under their control, and then he and his successors Balastdarh towards small kingdoms neighbors and found that the Ottoman state. 

Osman first rule his kingdom until 1326, and after his death his son Orhan paint occupation authority succeeded Stock Exchange and expanded the borders of the state and the forces of the economy, to witness the first state in the custody of the stability of the Ottomans in Europe. It stations distinguishing in the Ottoman state, the control of Bayezid I on the city of months last property rum in Asia Minor, and the victory over Bulgaria in 1393, which hit Europe panicked and mobilized at the request of Pope Boniface IX crusade involving Hungary, France and Bavaria, Rhodes, Venice, England, Austria and the Knights of St. John , but failed to restore Alamatq territories. In 1402 landed in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, however, after the defeat of Tamerlane the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara. This led to a fierce civil wars broke even managed Mohammed first of singling out the sentence, and then his successor, Mehmed II who conquered Constantinople and Istanbul called it, the "Takht-e-Islam" or "City of Islam". After that came Mehmed part of Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania. After his death, civil war broke out between and has gm and Bayezid II, and after the victory of Bayezid united Empire seconds. 

Contemporary history: the reign of Sultan Selim I, the Ottoman expansion in the south and east, occupied the majority of the regions of the Middle East after the Battle of Marj glutinous year 1516. and after the occupation of Mecca and Medina, and Jerusalem became sultan Selim I and Khalifa. Then succeeded by his son Suleiman the Magnificent, who arrived in the state in his reign to the height of its power militarily and economically, has concluded the first alliance between Alosmanin and Europe represented by France against Europe itself, as continued military conquests. After his death, the state would at least began slowly, and teams Janissaries became a tool of state power to the tool weakness Fajlat number of sultans and bone the breasts and killed others. It also lagged the Ottoman Empire on the achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, where the West developed a new system of life. Continued "phase of stagnation" this until the nineteenth century sultans began trying to update the European transport, uniforms enter the western and European schools were canceled and replaced by the Janissaries regular teams in the reign of Mahmud II. Then began the first reform Abdul Majid, known as "the period of regulation", but defeats the state and the regions of alienation exacerbated by the continued and, to the extent that the Ottoman Empire declared bankruptcy twice in that period. In 1878 Abdul Hamid II tried to stop the labor reforms, which culminated in the declaration of the Ottoman Constitution and the opening of Parliament, what has been shown to curse Almsahlin. 

Failure Abdul Hamid II in the control of the state, federal and became the country's rulers actual, Vchrisoa Turkish nationalism in the country and abroad. During the First World War, the state was part of the Axis powers that defeated and forced to evacuate all non-Turkish territory with the signing of a truce Modros 1918. 

After that, Turkey has been a center of Ottoman rule until 1922, where dislocation Mohammed VI, last sultans, and abolished by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Caliphate final in 1924 was dominated by Turkey after the First World War nationalist movement headed by Ataturk, whose name means "Father of the Turks", has announced the establishment of the Turkish Republic and took over the presidency in 1923, until his death in 1938, Atatürk succeeded in conducting the secular regime in Turkey, to lay several Western habits and replace them write Arabic in Latin letters. 

Turkish Republic remained neutral in most of the Second World War, but they entered the side of the Allies in 1945 and in 1945 became a member of the United Nations. Turkey has been facing difficulties with Greece in the suppression of the Communist tide, and after the war, the Soviet Union emerged as the demands of military bases in the Turkish Straits, which prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which included a major intervention for the American army, in addition to economic support. 

In 1945, over control of the one-party system and the transformation to democracy, pluralism, which is sometimes disrupted by the military coups occurred in the years 1960, 1971 and 1980 and 1997. Joined the Turkish Republic to NATO in 1952, and became a major force in the face of the expansion of the Soviet Union in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus in response to the Council's support for the Greek military coup against the regime there. The military operation ended with the victory of the Turkish troops, and the fall of the Greek junta in Athens after nine years.

source batuta.